Artículos de Investigación

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Predictive value of physical literacy measures for cardiometabolic risk in adolescents with abdominal obesity: an exploratory study
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2026-02-27)
Pavez-Adasme, Gustavo
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Latorre-Román, Pedro
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Castillo-Retamal, Marcelo
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Reyes-Amigo, Tomás
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Hernández-Mosqueira, Claudio
The objective of this study was to determine the predictive value of different measures of physical literacy (PL) on cardio- metabolic risk in adolescents with abdominal obesity. Method. A cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study was con- ducted with a sample of 51 abdominal obesity male adolescents aged 11–15 years. Cardiometabolic risk was estimated using the MetS-score, based on anthropometric, biochemical, and blood pressure data. LASSO regression models were applied to identify the predictive value of PL measures on cardiometabolic risk outcomes. Results. The study findings showed that the physical dimension of PL has measures that moderately predict (f2=0.17), 14.5% of the variance in cardiometabolic risk through the MetS-score. In addition, PL measures were selected to explain other components of cardiometabolic risk, with a large effect on waist circumference and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (f2=3.379; f2=0.771; f2=0.472, respectively). Conclusion. The results of this study show that the physical dimension of PL can predict MetS-scores in abdominal obesity adolescents. Furthermore, it was identified that the psychological and cognitive dimensions of PL, although they do not directly predict the MetS-score, play a relevant protective role in blood pressure and, to a lesser extent, in waist circumference.
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Is Standing Long Jump Performance More Strongly Associated with Health-Related Outcomes than Maximal Isometric Handgrip Strength in Adolescents?
(MDPI AG, 2026-02-24)
Montalva-Valenzuela, Felipe
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Castillo-Paredes, Antonio
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Concha-Cisternas, Yeny
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Garcia-Carrillo, Exal
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Escobar Ruiz, Natalia
Background: Muscular fitness is an important marker of current and future health in adolescents. However, comparisons are lacking that show which tests are most consistently associated with health-related outcomes during adolescence. Objective: This study aimed to analyze whether performance in the SLJ is more strongly associated with health-related outcomes than maximal isometric handgrip strength (MIHS) in secondary school students in Chile. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 113 adolescents (77 males and 36 females, mean age 15.90 ± 1.77). Muscular fitness was assessed using the SLJ and MIHS tests. Health-related outcomes included body mass index (BMI), physical activity level, aerobic capacity, sprint performance, flexibility, sleep quality, and psychological well-being. Pearson correlation analyses and multiple linear regression models adjusted for sex and age were performed to examine associations between muscular fitness tests and health-related outcomes. Results: SLJ showed moderate-to-strong associations with several health-related outcomes, including physical activity (r = 0.42, p < 0.001), aerobic capacity (r = 0.60, p < 0.001), sprint performance (r = −0.74, p < 0.001), and body mass index (r = −0.30, p = 0.001). In contrast, handgrip strength demonstrated weaker and less consistent associations. In adjusted regression models, SLJ remained a significant predictor of most outcomes (β range: 0.27–0.56, p < 0.05), whereas handgrip strength provided limited additional explanatory value. Conclusions: SLJ appears to be a more sensitive and consistent indicator of health-related outcomes in adolescents than MIHS. These findings support the use of SLJ as a practical, low-cost, and easily implementable tool for health and fitness screening in school and community settings.
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Prevalence of Motor Competence in Chilean Schoolchildren and Its Association With Sex, Age, and Weight Status: The CoMoSur Study
(Human Kinetics, 2026-06-01)
Carcamo-Oyarzun, Jaime
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Martinez-Lopez, Nicolas
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Ferbol, Cristina
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Cumilef-Bustamante, Pablo
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Negron-Molina, Mario
Background: Chile is one of the countries with the lowest indicators of children’s physical activity therefore it is necessary to promote the development of factors that encourage regular practice, such as motor competence (MC), which is considered a fundamental factor in improving physical activity trajectories in school-age children. This CoMoSur study aimed to determine the prevalence of MC in fifth- and sixth-grade primary school children in central-southern Chile and analyze the association of MC with sex, age, and weight status. Methods: The MC of 1513 schoolchildren (49.4% girls; mean = 11.12 y, SD = 0.92) from 7 regions of central-southern Chile was assessed using the MOBAK 5-6 test. Confirmatory factor analyses and structural equation models were applied to test 2 models: (1) the factorial validity of the 2 dimensions of MC (object control and self-movement) and (2) the associations of MC with sex, age, and weight status. Results: Low levels of MC were observed, especially in girls. Model 1 showed adequate fit indices ( χ 2 = 64.912, df = 19, P ≤ .001, CFI = .975, TLI = .963, RMSEA = .040, SRMR = .035). Model 2 also presented satisfactory fit ( χ 2 = 161.97, df = 37, P ≤ .001, CFI = .943, TLI = .920, RMSEA = .047, SRMR = .071), revealing significant associations: sex is associated with both object control and self-movement, age was positively related to both MC dimensions, and higher weight status was negatively associated with MC. Conclusions: The MC levels in Chilean schoolchildren are concerning, underlining the urgency of implementing intervention programs to strengthen motor competencies. Such strategies should consider differences in sex, age, and weight status to promote sustainable trajectories of physical activity from childhood onward.
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Attitudes of University Students Towards Research
(Universidad Pedagogica Nacional, 2026-02-18)
Reyes-Rodríguez, Alixon David
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Gallardo-Olivera, Moisés David
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Romero-Cuestas, Carlos Alberto
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Bennasar-García, Miguel
The objective of this research is to determine students’ attitudes towards research at three Latin American universities and to establish levels of favourability towards these attitudes. To achieve this, a quantitative study was conducted using a descriptive research approach that prioritised comparative analysis, with a non-experimental, cross-sectional design. The research sample comprised 146 students enrolled in research methodology courses. The most relevant results show that although students hold a favourable opinion of the influence they receive from professors, they are unaware of some institutional mechanisms that could support their research training. Additionally, based on students’ voluntary decisions and actions regarding various activities, and the priority they assign to research and related topics (science and technology) in their daily lives, there is a need to strengthen certain participatory and informational avenues at the institutional level.
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Juego parental: tiempo de juego entre padres e hijos
(2026)
Alixon David Reyes Rodríguez
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Paz Vladislavic-Reyes
<jats:p>El juego es un fenómeno lúdico ampliamente estudiado desde contextos disciplinares y multidisciplinares. Si bien es cierto, la educación y la psicología, parecieran ser los campos de mayor dedicación a la investigación sobre dicho fenómeno, no es menos cierto que cada vez más se constituye en tema de interés en el campo de la sociología, la antropología, el derecho, de la teoría política, el periodismo, entre otros. Conclusiones básicas de dichos estudios, reportan el reconocimiento del juego como un derecho y como una actividad ineludible en la infancia, de las bondades del juego en función del aprendizaje, sobre tiempo y calidad de juego, pero también, sobre la incidencia del juego en la formación del carácter y la seguridad emocional. En tal sentido, el siguiente trabajo ponen en cuestión el juego parental, el derecho de niños y niñas a esta manifestación del juego, su necesidad, su incidencia, asociado al tiempo de juego, a la calidad de tiempo compartido entre padres e hijos(a) en el marco del juego, y a estrategias que pudiesen favorecer, no solo el incremento del tiempo para el juego parental, sino también, ampliar y cualificar las relaciones entre padres e hijos para la formación.</jats:p>
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Differences in Physical Performance According to Contextual Variables in U21 Football Players
(2026)
Rodrigo Villaseca-Vicuña
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Pablo Merino-Muñoz
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Guillermo Cortes-Rocco
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Natalia Escobar
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Marcelo Muñoz Lara
<jats:p>Understanding how contextual variables shape differences in match demands in youth football is essential for optimising performance and player development. Objective: This study aimed to compare physical and competitive performance according to playing position, match location, match result, and opponent quality in the physical and competitive performance of U21 football players from a professional Chilean club. Methods: Twenty male U21 players (19.2 ± 1.2 years) were monitored during 11 official matches using 10 Hz GPS devices (WIMU Pro™) and post-match Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Variables included total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSR > 20 km/h), metres per minute (MM), accelerations/decelerations (N°AC/N°DC > 3 m·s−2), player load (PL), and peak velocity (PV). Contextual variables were classified by playing position, home/away, win/loss, and opponent quality (higher vs. lower rank). Results: Significant between-group differences were found across all contextual factors (p < 0.05). Midfielders (MFs) covered greater TD and reported higher RPE, while full-backs (FBs) and wingers (WGs) reached higher HSR and PV. Away and lost matches showed greater RPE, PL, and N°AC/N°DC, alongside more goals conceded. Facing higher-ranked opponents increased RPE and HSR but reduced explosive actions. Conclusions: Physical performance in U21 football is strongly modulated by contextual factors. Coaches should adjust training load and tactical strategies according to match conditions and positional roles to optimise adaptation and competitive readiness in developmental categories.</jats:p>
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Effects of Knee Sleeve Density on Theoretical Neuromuscular Capacities Derived from the Force–Velocity–Power Profile in the Back Squat
(2026)
Jorge Leschot-Gatica
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Luis Romero-Vera
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Alberto Ñancupil-Andrade
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Claudio Hernández-Mosqueira
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Iván Molina-Márquez
<jats:p>Background: Neoprene knee sleeves are commonly used to enhance joint stability and mechanical performance during resistance training. However, the specific influence of sleeve density on the force–velocity–power (F–V–P) profile during multi-joint lower-body exercises such as the back squat remains unclear. This study aimed to compare the theoretical F–V–P parameters derived from back squat performance while wearing low-density (LD) versus high-density (HD) knee sleeves. Methods: Fifteen resistance-trained males completed an incremental back squat test under both LD and HD conditions. A linear position transducer recorded barbell displacement and velocity. Individual force–velocity relationships were modelled to determine maximal theoretical force (F0), velocity (V0), power (Pmax), and the F–V slope. Paired-sample t-tests, linear mixed models, and Cohen’s d effect sizes were calculated. Clinical relevance was assessed using a threshold defined as 0.2 × the standard deviation of the HD condition. Bayesian analyses were conducted to estimate the probability and magnitude of the observed effects. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between sleeve conditions for F0, V0, Pmax, or F–V slope (p > 0.05, d ≤ 0.37). Nonetheless, HD sleeves yielded slightly higher mean values for F0, V0, and Pmax, exceeding the predefined threshold for practical relevance. Bayesian models showed moderate probabilities (~0.80) that HD sleeves outperformed LD, though with limited chances of crossing the clinical significance threshold. Conclusions: Although HD sleeves do not produce systematic changes in F–V–P parameters, their increased material stiffness may provide small yet practically meaningful mechanical advantages in high-force resistance training contexts.</jats:p>
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Concerns in Physical Education today: perception of Latin American Specialist Teachers
(2026)
Alixon David Reyes Rodríguez
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Andri José Velásquez Salazar
<jats:p>Objective: To identify the concerns expressed by physical education professionals regarding the professional field in Latin America. Methods: Quantitative, descriptive, non-experimental study with a cross-sectional design. The sampling was non-probabilistic, accidental, with a final sample of 157 informants from 15 Latin American countries. Results: the informants are all professionals trained in the disciplinary field, with 50% of them having postgraduate training; most consider themselves researchers; there are concerns about inadequate infrastructure; there are two groups, one working in schools, whose concerns focus on teaching methods, resources, and time allocated to the subject, while in the group working in the university sector, the issue of episteme seems to be more relevant, although it is not decisive either. Conclusion: The concerns of physical education professionals in Latin America depend much more on their field of work than on adherence to trends in physical education.</jats:p>
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DERECHO AL OCIO Y LA RECREACIÓN EN AMÉRICA LATINA: Algunos desafíos
(2025)
Reyes Rodríguez, Alixon David
El tema del derecho al ocio y la recreación, podría decirse que no es necesariamente nuevo, especialmente para América Latina. Esto, visto desde la simpleza anecdótica, podría hacer pensar que, al ser así, entonces no tiene tanto sentido seguir en su abordaje y consideración, precisamente porque no reportaría ninguna novedad en las últimas dos décadas. Pero, nada más alejado de las ineludibles necesidades reales sociales (Lafargue, 20031; Reyes, 2025). Al decirse que no se trata de un tema nuevo, lo que se pretende destacar es que el ocio y la recreación, al ser reconocidos como necesidades humanas (Gomes, 2014; Bonet et al., 2020; Ried et al., 2024; Rivera et al., 2025), emergen como focos de atención en niveles de prioridad de los que han sido privados históricamente, tan solo porque, además de la subordinación a otros campos como el deporte, la educación y el turismo (Griffa et al., 2020; Reyes, 1 Originalmente publicado en 1883. 2023a), pareciera que, tanto uno como el otro son importantes, pero no lo suficiente como para ocupar espacio y presencia protagónica en la agenda pública, la legislación y la política pública (González, 2018; Reyes, 2020, 2023a).
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Assessment of weekly workload in relation to match workload in U-21 football: Analysis of ten competition microcycles
(2025)
Football has experienced considerable technological and methodological advancenments, which have also influenced youth football. Currently, youth development faces the challenge of preparing players who can meet the rigorous demands of modern football. Objective: To assess and compare the internal and external training throughout the microcycle (MD-4 to MD-1) with the match-day load in under-21 players from a professional team. Method: Sixteen under-21 footballers from a Chilean professional club (age: 24.9 ± 4.2 years; height: 180.9 ± 6.3 cm; body mass: 78.5 ± 8.5 kg) were monitored over 10 official microcycles corresponding to the Fundación-Collahuasi youth football championship, organized by the Chilean Football Federation. Results: Large differences (p < 0.001 and η²p > 0.2) were found in all variables between the training days and match day. The highest external load occurred on match day, particularly in TD (10,087 ± 708 m), HSR (709 ± 316 m), and PL (130 ± 21.1 au). The highest weekly training loads were recorded on MD-3 and MD-2, while MD-1 showed significant reductions in all variables. Internal load was also highest on match day (RPE: 7.87 ± 1.54) compared to training sessions. Conclusion: There are significant differences in internal and external load throughout the competitive microcycle in under-21 footballers. MD-3 stands out as the highest-load training day, with values comparable to match day in most variables, positioning it as a key session in the weekly plan. In contrast, MD-1 consistently showed the lowest loads, confirming its role as a tapering day before competition.

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