Effects of Knee Sleeve Density on Theoretical Neuromuscular Capacities Derived from the Force–Velocity–Power Profile in the Back Squat
Journal
Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology
ISSN
2411-5142
Date Issued
2026
Author(s)
Jorge Leschot-Gatica
Luis Romero-Vera
Alberto Ñancupil-Andrade
Claudio Hernández-Mosqueira
Iván Molina-Márquez
Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda
Felipe Montalva-Valenzuela
Eduardo Guzmán-Muñoz
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk11010047
Abstract
<jats:p>Background: Neoprene knee sleeves are commonly used to enhance joint stability and mechanical performance during resistance training. However, the specific influence of sleeve density on the force–velocity–power (F–V–P) profile during multi-joint lower-body exercises such as the back squat remains unclear. This study aimed to compare the theoretical F–V–P parameters derived from back squat performance while wearing low-density (LD) versus high-density (HD) knee sleeves. Methods: Fifteen resistance-trained males completed an incremental back squat test under both LD and HD conditions. A linear position transducer recorded barbell displacement and velocity. Individual force–velocity relationships were modelled to determine maximal theoretical force (F0), velocity (V0), power (Pmax), and the F–V slope. Paired-sample t-tests, linear mixed models, and Cohen’s d effect sizes were calculated. Clinical relevance was assessed using a threshold defined as 0.2 × the standard deviation of the HD condition. Bayesian analyses were conducted to estimate the probability and magnitude of the observed effects. Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between sleeve conditions for F0, V0, Pmax, or F–V slope (p > 0.05, d ≤ 0.37). Nonetheless, HD sleeves yielded slightly higher mean values for F0, V0, and Pmax, exceeding the predefined threshold for practical relevance. Bayesian models showed moderate probabilities (~0.80) that HD sleeves outperformed LD, though with limited chances of crossing the clinical significance threshold. Conclusions: Although HD sleeves do not produce systematic changes in F–V–P parameters, their increased material stiffness may provide small yet practically meaningful mechanical advantages in high-force resistance training contexts.</jats:p>
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