Artículos de Investigación

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Predictive value of physical literacy measures for cardiometabolic risk in adolescents with abdominal obesity: an exploratory study
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2026-02-27)
Pavez-Adasme, Gustavo
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Latorre-Román, Pedro
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Castillo-Retamal, Marcelo
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Reyes-Amigo, Tomás
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Hernández-Mosqueira, Claudio
The objective of this study was to determine the predictive value of different measures of physical literacy (PL) on cardio- metabolic risk in adolescents with abdominal obesity. Method. A cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study was con- ducted with a sample of 51 abdominal obesity male adolescents aged 11–15 years. Cardiometabolic risk was estimated using the MetS-score, based on anthropometric, biochemical, and blood pressure data. LASSO regression models were applied to identify the predictive value of PL measures on cardiometabolic risk outcomes. Results. The study findings showed that the physical dimension of PL has measures that moderately predict (f2=0.17), 14.5% of the variance in cardiometabolic risk through the MetS-score. In addition, PL measures were selected to explain other components of cardiometabolic risk, with a large effect on waist circumference and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (f2=3.379; f2=0.771; f2=0.472, respectively). Conclusion. The results of this study show that the physical dimension of PL can predict MetS-scores in abdominal obesity adolescents. Furthermore, it was identified that the psychological and cognitive dimensions of PL, although they do not directly predict the MetS-score, play a relevant protective role in blood pressure and, to a lesser extent, in waist circumference.
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Analysis of a finite element method for the Stokes--Poisson--Boltzmann equations
(The Proceedings of ANZIAM, 2026)
Abeer F. AlSohaim
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Ruiz Baier Ricardo
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Villa-fuentes Segundo
We define a finite element method for the coupling of Stokes and nonlinear Poisson–Boltzmann equations. The novelty in the formula- tion is that the coupling from the electric potential to the drag in the momentum balance is rewritten as a weighted advection term. Using Banach’s contraction principle, the Babuˇska–Brezzi theory, and the Minty–Browder theorem, we show that the governing equations have a unique weak solution. We also show that the discrete problem is well-posed, establish C´ea estimates, and derive convergence rates. We exemplify the properties of the proposed scheme via some numerical experiments showcasing convergence and applicability in the study of electro-osmotic flows in micro-channels.
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Enhancing EFL Preservice Teacher Education Through Project-Based Learning: An Action-Research Approach
(Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2026-01-20)
Vega-Abarzúa, Jessica
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Gutiérrez-Turner, Eduardo
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Recabarren Maturana, Valentina
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Roco Soto, Daniela
This action-research study examines the impact of a project-based learning intervention on a group of English-as-a-foreign-language preservice teachers at a Chilean private university. The study aimed to explore the participants’ perceived development in two key areas: teaching knowledge and learning and innovation skills. Data were collected through pre- and post-questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Findings indicate notable improvements in both teaching knowledge and participants’ perceptions of it, as well as a strengthening of learning and innovation skills, with critical thinking emerging as the most salient enhancement. These results provide valuable insights for English language teaching programs and future research, highlighting the benefits of project-based learning as a pedagogical approach in teacher education.
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Is Standing Long Jump Performance More Strongly Associated with Health-Related Outcomes than Maximal Isometric Handgrip Strength in Adolescents?
(MDPI AG, 2026-02-24)
Montalva-Valenzuela, Felipe
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Castillo-Paredes, Antonio
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Concha-Cisternas, Yeny
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Garcia-Carrillo, Exal
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Escobar Ruiz, Natalia
Background: Muscular fitness is an important marker of current and future health in adolescents. However, comparisons are lacking that show which tests are most consistently associated with health-related outcomes during adolescence. Objective: This study aimed to analyze whether performance in the SLJ is more strongly associated with health-related outcomes than maximal isometric handgrip strength (MIHS) in secondary school students in Chile. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 113 adolescents (77 males and 36 females, mean age 15.90 ± 1.77). Muscular fitness was assessed using the SLJ and MIHS tests. Health-related outcomes included body mass index (BMI), physical activity level, aerobic capacity, sprint performance, flexibility, sleep quality, and psychological well-being. Pearson correlation analyses and multiple linear regression models adjusted for sex and age were performed to examine associations between muscular fitness tests and health-related outcomes. Results: SLJ showed moderate-to-strong associations with several health-related outcomes, including physical activity (r = 0.42, p < 0.001), aerobic capacity (r = 0.60, p < 0.001), sprint performance (r = −0.74, p < 0.001), and body mass index (r = −0.30, p = 0.001). In contrast, handgrip strength demonstrated weaker and less consistent associations. In adjusted regression models, SLJ remained a significant predictor of most outcomes (β range: 0.27–0.56, p < 0.05), whereas handgrip strength provided limited additional explanatory value. Conclusions: SLJ appears to be a more sensitive and consistent indicator of health-related outcomes in adolescents than MIHS. These findings support the use of SLJ as a practical, low-cost, and easily implementable tool for health and fitness screening in school and community settings.
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Banach spaces-based mixed finite element methods for a steady sedimentation-consolidation system
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2026-02-26)
Álvarez, Mario
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Benavides, Gonzalo A.
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Gatica, Gabriel N.
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Henríquez, Esteban
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Ruiz-Baier, Ricardo
We introduce and analyze two Banach spaces-based new mixed finite element methods for a flow and transport model commonly encountered in sedimentation-consolidation processes, whose governing equations are given by the Brinkman flow with variable viscosity, coupled with a nonlinear advection–diffusion equation. The first variational formulation is based on a mixed approach for the Brinkman problem (written in terms of Cauchy stress and bulk velocity of the mixture) and the usual primal weak form for the transport equation. In turn, the second variational formulation arises from the introduction of the gradient of the solids volume fraction and the total (diffusive plus advective) flux for the concentration as new unknowns, which yields a momentum-conserving fully–mixed approach as the resulting system of equations. The respective continuous and discrete formulations are equivalently reformulated as fixed-point operator equations, whose solvability is established by combining the Schauder, Banach, and Brouwer theorems, with, among others, the Babuška–Brezzi theory and a recently introduced theory for perturbed saddle-point problems, both in Banach spaces, along with suitable regularity assumptions, Sobolev embeddings, and Rellich–Kondrachov compactness theorems. The mixed–primal and fully-mixed Galerkin schemes employ the classical Raviart–Thomas, piecewise continuous, and piecewise discontinuous polynomial approximations, for their corresponding unknowns. Next, Strang-type inequalities are utilized to rigorously derive optimal error estimates in the natural norms, which, combined with the approximation properties of the chosen finite element spaces yield optimal rates of convergence with respect to the mesh size. Finally, several numerical results illustrating the performance of both schemes and confirming the theoretical convergence rates are presented.
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Prevalence of Motor Competence in Chilean Schoolchildren and Its Association With Sex, Age, and Weight Status: The CoMoSur Study
(Human Kinetics, 2026-06-01)
Carcamo-Oyarzun, Jaime
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Martinez-Lopez, Nicolas
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Ferbol, Cristina
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Cumilef-Bustamante, Pablo
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Negron-Molina, Mario
Background: Chile is one of the countries with the lowest indicators of children’s physical activity therefore it is necessary to promote the development of factors that encourage regular practice, such as motor competence (MC), which is considered a fundamental factor in improving physical activity trajectories in school-age children. This CoMoSur study aimed to determine the prevalence of MC in fifth- and sixth-grade primary school children in central-southern Chile and analyze the association of MC with sex, age, and weight status. Methods: The MC of 1513 schoolchildren (49.4% girls; mean = 11.12 y, SD = 0.92) from 7 regions of central-southern Chile was assessed using the MOBAK 5-6 test. Confirmatory factor analyses and structural equation models were applied to test 2 models: (1) the factorial validity of the 2 dimensions of MC (object control and self-movement) and (2) the associations of MC with sex, age, and weight status. Results: Low levels of MC were observed, especially in girls. Model 1 showed adequate fit indices ( χ 2 = 64.912, df = 19, P ≤ .001, CFI = .975, TLI = .963, RMSEA = .040, SRMR = .035). Model 2 also presented satisfactory fit ( χ 2 = 161.97, df = 37, P ≤ .001, CFI = .943, TLI = .920, RMSEA = .047, SRMR = .071), revealing significant associations: sex is associated with both object control and self-movement, age was positively related to both MC dimensions, and higher weight status was negatively associated with MC. Conclusions: The MC levels in Chilean schoolchildren are concerning, underlining the urgency of implementing intervention programs to strengthen motor competencies. Such strategies should consider differences in sex, age, and weight status to promote sustainable trajectories of physical activity from childhood onward.
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Attitudes of University Students Towards Research
(Universidad Pedagogica Nacional, 2026-02-18)
Reyes-Rodríguez, Alixon David
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Gallardo-Olivera, Moisés David
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Romero-Cuestas, Carlos Alberto
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Bennasar-García, Miguel
The objective of this research is to determine students’ attitudes towards research at three Latin American universities and to establish levels of favourability towards these attitudes. To achieve this, a quantitative study was conducted using a descriptive research approach that prioritised comparative analysis, with a non-experimental, cross-sectional design. The research sample comprised 146 students enrolled in research methodology courses. The most relevant results show that although students hold a favourable opinion of the influence they receive from professors, they are unaware of some institutional mechanisms that could support their research training. Additionally, based on students’ voluntary decisions and actions regarding various activities, and the priority they assign to research and related topics (science and technology) in their daily lives, there is a need to strengthen certain participatory and informational avenues at the institutional level.
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Differences in Physical Performance According to Contextual Variables in U21 Football Players
(2026)
Rodrigo Villaseca-Vicuña
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Pablo Merino-Muñoz
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Guillermo Cortes-Rocco
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Natalia Escobar
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Marcelo Muñoz Lara
<jats:p>Understanding how contextual variables shape differences in match demands in youth football is essential for optimising performance and player development. Objective: This study aimed to compare physical and competitive performance according to playing position, match location, match result, and opponent quality in the physical and competitive performance of U21 football players from a professional Chilean club. Methods: Twenty male U21 players (19.2 ± 1.2 years) were monitored during 11 official matches using 10 Hz GPS devices (WIMU Pro™) and post-match Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Variables included total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSR > 20 km/h), metres per minute (MM), accelerations/decelerations (N°AC/N°DC > 3 m·s−2), player load (PL), and peak velocity (PV). Contextual variables were classified by playing position, home/away, win/loss, and opponent quality (higher vs. lower rank). Results: Significant between-group differences were found across all contextual factors (p < 0.05). Midfielders (MFs) covered greater TD and reported higher RPE, while full-backs (FBs) and wingers (WGs) reached higher HSR and PV. Away and lost matches showed greater RPE, PL, and N°AC/N°DC, alongside more goals conceded. Facing higher-ranked opponents increased RPE and HSR but reduced explosive actions. Conclusions: Physical performance in U21 football is strongly modulated by contextual factors. Coaches should adjust training load and tactical strategies according to match conditions and positional roles to optimise adaptation and competitive readiness in developmental categories.</jats:p>
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Sleep health improvement trajectories after a pandemic: insights from a national health survey
(2026)
Jordi de Batlle
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Esther Gracia-Lavedan
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Adriano D S Targa
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Mario Henríquez-Beltrán
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Ferran Barbé
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Study Objectives</jats:title> <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate sleep health improvement trends in Catalonia, Spain, from 2020 to 2023 following the COVID-19 pandemic, and to identify disparities across demographic and socioeconomic groups.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Methods</jats:title> <jats:p>This repeated cross-sectional study analyzed 11 794 responses from eight waves of the Catalan Health Survey. Sleep health was assessed using the SATED and Ru-SATED questionnaires, covering six dimensions: Satisfaction, Alertness, Timing, Efficiency, Duration, and Regularity. Trends over time were evaluated, and stratified and interaction models assessed differences by sex, age, BMI, material deprivation, comorbidity burden, and living situation. Survey weights ensured population representativity.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Results</jats:title> <jats:p>Sleep health improved from mid-2021, then stabilized. Efficiency plateaued by late 2020, while Satisfaction remained the most unstable dimension. Sleep regularity diminished during the 2020 lockdowns but improved promptly afterward. Females consistently scored lower than males, though their improvement trajectories were similar (p-for-interaction = .906). Older adults (65+) and individuals with excess weight exhibited distinctive improvement trends (p-for-interaction = .023). Material deprivation was the strongest predictor of poor sleep health and delayed improvement (p-for-interaction = .024). Living alone had a temporary negative impact during lockdowns, which resolved by 2022. Finally, comorbidity burden affected baseline scores but not improvement trends (p-for-interaction = .467).</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title> <jats:p>Sleep health improvement post-pandemic was uneven across sleep dimensions and population subgroups. Behavioral sleep dimensions improved earlier, while subjective satisfaction lagged. Socioeconomic factors, particularly material deprivation, were strongly associated with poorer and slower improvements. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating sleep health into pandemic preparedness and tailoring interventions to address both behavioral and structural determinants of health.</jats:p> </jats:sec>
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Chewing Index: A Pilot Trial to Measure Masticatory Effort
(2026)
Franco Marinelli
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Camila Venegas-Ocampo
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Josefa Alarcón-Apablaza
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Rosemarie Schneider
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Pablo Navarro
<jats:p>Background/Objectives: Population aging presents new challenges for achieving healthy aging. Edentulism is a condition that diminishes quality of life. Several studies have attempted to analyze the impact of edentulism on masticatory function either by evaluating the final stage of the food bolus or the masticatory process itself. The present study aims to develop a chewing index (Ci) based on chewing time, the number of cycles, and the muscular activity of the masseter and temporal muscles. Methods: Two groups (n = 10 each, 60–80 years old), one with functional dentition (21 or more teeth) (Group F) and one with complete denture wearers (Group D), were used. Participants were asked to chew a total of 36 food samples. The number of chewing cycles (N), chewing time (T), and bilateral activity of the masseter and anterior temporal muscles were recorded and quantified using the root mean square. This activity was normalized with respect to a 5 s maximum voluntary clenching (TMAV). A chewing index (Ci) was calculated using the equation Ci = N × V%¯ × T/TMAV, where V%¯ represents the average normalized activity of the four muscles. Results: Ci values ranged from 0 to 62 for Group F and 0 to 262 for Group D. For 15 out of the 36 food samples, Ci was higher in Group D than in Group F. Conclusions: The results of this study are consistent with previous research showing that complete denture wearers must chew for a longer time and perform a greater number of chewing cycles compared with subjects with functional dentition.</jats:p>

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