Artículos de Investigación

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Chewing Index: A Pilot Trial to Measure Masticatory Effort
(2026)
Franco Marinelli
;
Camila Venegas-Ocampo
;
Josefa Alarcón-Apablaza
;
Rosemarie Schneider
;
Pablo Navarro
<jats:p>Background/Objectives: Population aging presents new challenges for achieving healthy aging. Edentulism is a condition that diminishes quality of life. Several studies have attempted to analyze the impact of edentulism on masticatory function either by evaluating the final stage of the food bolus or the masticatory process itself. The present study aims to develop a chewing index (Ci) based on chewing time, the number of cycles, and the muscular activity of the masseter and temporal muscles. Methods: Two groups (n = 10 each, 60–80 years old), one with functional dentition (21 or more teeth) (Group F) and one with complete denture wearers (Group D), were used. Participants were asked to chew a total of 36 food samples. The number of chewing cycles (N), chewing time (T), and bilateral activity of the masseter and anterior temporal muscles were recorded and quantified using the root mean square. This activity was normalized with respect to a 5 s maximum voluntary clenching (TMAV). A chewing index (Ci) was calculated using the equation Ci = N × V%¯ × T/TMAV, where V%¯ represents the average normalized activity of the four muscles. Results: Ci values ranged from 0 to 62 for Group F and 0 to 262 for Group D. For 15 out of the 36 food samples, Ci was higher in Group D than in Group F. Conclusions: The results of this study are consistent with previous research showing that complete denture wearers must chew for a longer time and perform a greater number of chewing cycles compared with subjects with functional dentition.</jats:p>
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Skin advanced glycation end-products do not predict pulmonary function trajectories in adults from the ILERVAS cohort
(2026)
Gerard Torres
;
Esther Gracia-Lavedan
;
Jessica González
;
Mario Henríquez-Beltrán
;
Adriano D. S. Targa
Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) activate specific receptors (RAGE) promoting inflammation and oxidative stress. The lungs, with high RAGE expression, may be particularly susceptible to AGE-related injury. This study assessed whether baseline skin AGE levels, measured by skin autofluorescence (SAF), predict pulmonary function decline in middle-aged adults with cardiovascular risk factors. This ancillary analysis of the ILERVAS cohort included adults aged 45–70 years with cardiovascular risk factors but without diabetes or chronic kidney disease. Baseline data included demographics, lifestyle, and fasting blood tests. SAF was measured using AGE Reader™, and spirometry performed at baseline and after a median follow-up of 4 years. Associations between baseline SAF and annual declines in FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC were analysed using adjusted models and generalized additive models, stratified by smoking status. Among 658 participants (median age 56 years, 48% female), median baseline SAF was 1.90 AU [1.60; 2.20]. Baseline lung function was preserved, with median FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC of 2795 mL [2270; 3,341], 3,525 mL [2870; 4300], and 78.6% [74.4; 82.8]. Annual declines were − 81.9 mL [− 120.6; − 43.3] for FEV1, − 99.6 mL [− 159.3; − 37.9] for FVC, and − 0.04% [− 0.85; 0.70] for FEV1/FVC. No significant associations were found between SAF and spirometry changes. Results were consistent across smoking subgroups. Baseline skin AGE levels did not predict pulmonary function decline over four years in middle-aged adults with cardiovascular risk factors. While SAF reflects cumulative AGE exposure, it has limited prognostic value for lung function in this population.
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Relación entre los factores de riesgo psicosocial y el desencadenamiento de burnout en enfermeros chilenos
(2026)
Fernanda Henríquez-Miranda
;
Franchesca Palma-Rodriguez
;
Sandra Henríquez-Figueroa
<jats:p>Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre los factores de riesgo psicosocial y el desencadenamiento de burnout en enfermeros chilenos. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo correlacional, con 182 enfermeros. Se aplicaron los cuestionarios MBI-HSS y SUSESO/ISTAS21 versión breve. El análisis estadístico se realizó en Jamovi, siguiendo los lineamientos éticos pertinentes. Resultados: El 61% presentó burnout medio (M = 44,7). Se destacó el agotamiento emocional (M = 21,8), con baja despersonalización y realización personal. En los FRPS, las exigencias psicológicas (M = 12,5) y la doble presencia (M = 4,37) fueron elevadas. Conclusión: Se encontró una valoración significativa entre burnout y FRPS, resaltando el impacto del agotamiento emocional y la doble presencia en los enfermeros chilenos, lo que evidencia una situación crítica.</jats:p>
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Evaluation of Mandibular Border Movements and Mastication in Patients with Temporomandibular Disorders: A Pilot Study with 3D Electromagnetic Articulography and Surface Electromyography
(2025)
Camila Cerda
;
Franco Marinelli
;
Jarpa-Parra, Marcela
;
Pablo Navarro
;
Ramón Fuentes
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are characterized by pain and restricted functionality of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The objective of this study was to characterize the kinematic and electromyographic patterns of mandibular border movements and mastication in patients with different forms of TMD compared with healthy controls, through a simultaneous three-dimensional electromagnetic articulography (EMA-3D) and surface electromyography (sEMG) recording protocol. Sixteen participants were included and divided into three groups according to the TMD diagnosis (articular, muscular and mixed) and one healthy control group. Kinematic data were recorded using EMA-3D, and electromyographic activity of the masticatory muscles was assessed using sEMG. Variables analyzed included trajectories, areas, ranges, and electrical activity during mandibular border movements and mastication. Patients with TMD exhibited reduced movement trajectories but larger areas within the mandibular polygons, particularly in the frontal and sagittal planes. During mastication, the number of cycles was higher in the muscular group and lower in the healthy controls. Patients with TMD showed greater mean electromyographic activity, which could suggest compensatory muscle strain. The EMA-3D system provided an accurate threedimensional analysis, while sEMG captured detailed patterns of muscle activation and strain, that help better understand the neuromuscular alterations associated with TMD. Differentiation between TMD types (articular, muscular and mixed) for the study of its kinematic and electromyographic characteristics, is essential to improve diagnosis and treatment strategies. This study highlights the relevance of advanced tools such as EMA-3D and sEMG in the evaluation of TMD using a simultaneous recording protocol such as the one proposed in this study.
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Estrés Laboral y Rendimiento Cognitivo de funcionarios de una Universidad en Chile
(2025)
Catalina Belén Cárdenas Lagos
;
Victoria Alicia Bárbara Fuentes Norambuena
;
Barbara Cerda Aedo
;
Javiera Cerda Aedo
;
Patricio Torres
<jats:p>Introduction: Nowadays, stress has become a societal problem, especially work-related stress, as excessive stress leads to a decline in workers’ cognitive abilities, disrupting their mental health and affecting their daily lives. Method: A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study. To assess stress and cognitive impairment in the workplace among professors, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14) were used Results: The results showed that the minimum score obtained on the MoCA test was 21 points, corresponding to mild cognitive impairment (MCI), while the maximum score was 29 points. The average MoCA score was 25.55 ± 2.18 points. Regarding total stress, the minimum recorded score was 22, with no participant free of stress, and the maximum score was 39. The average total stress score was 31.95 ± 4 points Conclusions: There is an urgent need to implement strategies to prevent work-related stress factors that affect cognitive functioning. To this end, it is essential to clearly define job positions and responsibilities, provide adequate and comfortable working conditions, efficiently organize activities, offer training, provide support for personal problems, and promote work flexibility, among other measures.</jats:p>
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Assessment of weekly workload in relation to match workload in U-21 football: Analysis of ten competition microcycles
(2025)
Football has experienced considerable technological and methodological advancenments, which have also influenced youth football. Currently, youth development faces the challenge of preparing players who can meet the rigorous demands of modern football. Objective: To assess and compare the internal and external training throughout the microcycle (MD-4 to MD-1) with the match-day load in under-21 players from a professional team. Method: Sixteen under-21 footballers from a Chilean professional club (age: 24.9 ± 4.2 years; height: 180.9 ± 6.3 cm; body mass: 78.5 ± 8.5 kg) were monitored over 10 official microcycles corresponding to the Fundación-Collahuasi youth football championship, organized by the Chilean Football Federation. Results: Large differences (p < 0.001 and η²p > 0.2) were found in all variables between the training days and match day. The highest external load occurred on match day, particularly in TD (10,087 ± 708 m), HSR (709 ± 316 m), and PL (130 ± 21.1 au). The highest weekly training loads were recorded on MD-3 and MD-2, while MD-1 showed significant reductions in all variables. Internal load was also highest on match day (RPE: 7.87 ± 1.54) compared to training sessions. Conclusion: There are significant differences in internal and external load throughout the competitive microcycle in under-21 footballers. MD-3 stands out as the highest-load training day, with values comparable to match day in most variables, positioning it as a key session in the weekly plan. In contrast, MD-1 consistently showed the lowest loads, confirming its role as a tapering day before competition.
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Ultrasonic agglomeration applied to Durvillea Antarctica and Arthrospira platensis flours: Effects on thermophysical properties, protein conformational changes and microstructure
(2025)
Daniela Rivera-Tobar
;
Mario Pérez-Won
;
Erick Jara-Quijada
;
Luis González-Cavieres
;
Gipsy Tabilo-Munizaga
The effects of ultrasonic agglomeration (UA) on the thermophysical and structural properties of matrices based on flours from Durvillaea antarctica and Arthrospira platensis were evaluated. UA was applied under power amplitudes, times, and cycles, optimizing the processing conditions in the agglomerated matrix. The elastic modulus increased significantly under optimal UA conditions, reaching 43.08 ± 1.93 N/m 2 amplitude, compared to 0.051 ± 0.10 N/m 2 at 90 % power at 70 % power amplitude. Fractrutability increased by more than 50 %, reaching values up to 931.89 ± 23.78 N (90 % power amplitude, 25 s, 3 cycles). The protein denaturation temperature increased to 134–139 ◦ C with UA, indicating increased thermal stability. FTIR analysis revealed a reduction in β-sheet content (from 70.9 ± 3.1 % to ~50–58 %) and an increase in α-helix structures, reflecting protein unfolding. UA is an alternative to be explored in the food industry, with potential application in the development of functional and sustainable foods.
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Relación entre satisfacción sexual y características biosociodemográficas en personas mayores de la ciudad de Chillán
(2025)
Javiera Contreras-Valenzuela
;
Francia Escobar-Ibáñez
;
Constanza Vergara-Arroyo
;
Paulina Romero Soto
;
Juan Pablo Candia-Roa
Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre la satisfacción sexual y las características biosociodemográficas en personas mayores de Chillán. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, analítico y transversal con 45 personas mayores de Chillán. La satisfacción sexual fue medida con la nueva escala de satisfacción sexual y las variables independientes, mediante un cuestionario biosociodemográfico. Resultados: La muestra incluyó 45 personas, en su mayoría mujeres con educación superior y orientación heterosexual. La edad promedio fue de 65,9 años. La mayoría indicó a su esposo/a como última pareja sexual, y un gran porcentaje menciona que convive con dicha pareja. El 40 % mostró altos niveles de satisfacción sexual, indicando una correlación negativa entre edad y satisfacción. Además, menor tiempo desde la última relación sexual se asoció con mayor satisfacción. Conclusión: La satisfacción sexual en personas mayores es influenciada por factores físicos y emocionales, lo que sugiere intervenir en salud sexual promoviendo el apoyo de la pareja y la apertura emocional para mejorar el bienestar sexual.
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RELACIÓN ENTRE EDUCACIÓN SEXUAL Y CONDUCTAS SEXUALES EN ADULTOS DE LA REGIÓN DE ÑUBLE, CHILE, 2024
(2025)
Millaray Bouquillard-Medina
;
Fernanda Gutiérrez-Rios
;
Allison Monsalve-Moya
;
Valentina Muñoz-Espinoza
;
Javiera Cerda Aedo
INTRODUCCIÓN. En Chile, las ITS, como el VIH y el VPH, son prevalentes. La educación sexual es fundamental para la prevención, pero enfrenta desafíos debido a la baja calidad educativa y al aumento de ITS y abusos sexuales. OBJETIVO. Analizar la relación entre la educación sexual y las conductas sexuales en adultos de la región de Ñuble, Chile, en 2024. MÉTODOS. Estudio cuantitativo, correlacional, no experimental y transversal. Presentó una muestra de 382 adultos. Se utilizó un cuestionario para evaluar la educación sexual y la escala de comportamientos sexuales en jóvenes (ECSR-J) para medir las conductas sexuales. Se emplearon pruebas estadísticas como chi-cuadrado, U de Mann-Whitney y correlación de Spearman. RESULTADOS. La muestra estuvo compuesta en un 72 % por mujeres. La edad promedio en la que los participantes recibieron educación sexual fue de 13 años, siendo internet la principal fuente de información (31,2 %). En cuanto a los niveles de riesgo, un 35,3 % mostró un riesgo “muy elevado” al desconocer el historial sexual de su pareja. Se encontró una relación significativa entre la fuente de educación sexual y el riesgo de ITS/VIH/SIDA (p = 0,038), así como con el uso incorrecto de preservativos (p = 0,008). CONCLUSIÓN. Existe una relación entre la educación sexual adquirida y las conductas sexuales de riesgo. Se resalta la necesidad de implementar una educación sexual integral desde etapas tempranas, donde el rol de la enfermería es fundamental en la promoción, prevención y educación.
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Nivel de bienestar psicológico y sedentarismo en estudiantes universitarios chilenos
(2018)
Véliz Burgos, Alex
;
Claudia Leticia Peña Testa
;
Fierro Burgos, Yordan
;
José Luis Reyes Morales
El presente estudio buscó identificar el nivel de bienestar psicológico y sedentarismo en estudiantes universitarios chilenos. Se aplicó una escala de bienestar psicológico y una encuesta de sedentarismo a 88 estudiantes universitarios (media de 21,3 años, dt=1,5 años). En los resultados se identifica que un 33,4% reporta un alto nivel de bienestar psicológico y un 52,3% bajo nivel de actividad física. Se encontró que los estudiantes que presentaron un menor nivel de sedentarismo puntuaron más alto la escala de bienestar psicológico. Los estudiantes que presentaron menor nivel de sedentarismo presentaron las puntuaciones más altas en las dimensiones de autonomía, crecimiento personal y propósito en la vida, del bienestar psicológico. Los resultados muestran que el bienestar psicológico y la actividad física estarían relacionados.

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