Artículos de Investigación

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    Estudiantes de la Salud como Sujetos de Estudio en Investigación: Una Revisión Acerca de su Incorporación e Implicancias Éticas
    (2019)
    Nicolás Astete
    ;
    Alain Arias
    ;
    Ramón Fuentes
    El propósito de este estudio fue conocer las implicancias involucradas sobre uso de estudiantes de la salud como sujetos de estudio en investigación. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en las bases PUBMED, EMBASE, SCOPUS, EBSCOhost y SciELO, sin límites de años y con criterios de elegibilidad. Se encontraron un total 215 artículos, se realizó una selección de estos y se eliminaron estudios que se referían a otras poblaciones vulnerables o que evaluaban características psicológicas de los estudiantes sin una relación hacia la participación como sujetos de estudio. A excepción de un estudio cualitativo de entrevista, todos son estudios descriptivos de revisión narrativa, carta al editor o aplicación de encuestas, que expresan ciertas consideraciones que deben ser abordadas al utilizar estudiantes como sujetos de estudio. Es necesario realizar estudios en otras poblaciones de estudiantes y con una mayor rigurosidad en su metodología, y así poder evaluar el real beneficio educativo de su participación y sus percepciones sobre esta instancia. La sociedad científica hace un llamado a generar una guía que unifique los criterios que se deben considerar al seleccionar estudiantes como sujetos de estudio y así permitir que los investigadores, las instituciones de revisión ética y los editores de revistas científicas poder evaluar de mejor manera los estudios en estas poblaciones.
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    Morphological variations of the mandibular canal in digital panoramic radiographs: a retrospective study in a Chilean population
    (2018)
    Ramón Fuentes
    ;
    Alain Arias-betancur
    ;
    Constanza Farfán
    ;
    Nicolás Astete
    ;
    Ivonne Garay
    Background: Morphological variations of the mandibular canal (MC) have been described in literature, so the clinician must be able to recognise them and adapt their treatment accordingly. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of morphological variations of the MC using digital panoramic radiographs (DPR) of Chilean patients. Materials and methods: A retrospective study in which 1400 DPR were analysed to identify cases of bifid, trifid and retromolar MC. The radiographs were analysed independently by two examiners who had previously been trained by a specialist in oral and maxillofacial radiology. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to reach a final sample. Results: Nine hundred and twenty-five radiographs were included (599 female, 326 male; mean age 36.1 ± 15.54 years). The prevalence of bifid MC was 11% (n = 102), with no significant differences by sex (p = 0.069). Proportion of bifid MC was higher among younger patients (p = 0.038). Prevalence of morphological variations of type 1 bifid MC was 7.4% (n = 69), type 2 was 2.3% (n = 23), type 3 was 0% (n = 0) and type 4 was 1.1% (n = 10). Prevalence of retromolar canal was 0.9% (n = 8), with no significant differences by sex (p = 0.893) or age (p = 0.371); of these, 2 (0.2%) cases were forward type and 6 (0.6%) cases were retromolar type. No cases of trifid MC were found. Conclusions: Digital panoramic radiographs are useful for detecting morphological variations of the MC; we were able to identify three types of bifid MC as well as retromolar canals. Proper identification of these variations by an easily accessible examination is important for avoiding possible complications in clinical-surgical practice. (Folia Morphol 2019; 78, 1: 163–170)
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    Bilateral bifid mandibular canal: a case report using cone beam computed tomography
    (2018)
    Ramón Fuentes
    ;
    Constanza Farfán
    ;
    Nicolás Astete
    ;
    Ivonne Garay
    ;
    Fernando Dias
    The mandibular canal (MC) originates in the mandibular foramen and runs bilaterally through the mandibular ramus and body, ending in the mental foramen. One of the most common anatomical variations is bifid MC, the configurations of which have been classified into four categories and sub-categories. The prevalence of these variations depends on the imaging method used. Studies carried out in panoramic X-rays and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) show prevalences varying between 1% and 20%. In this case report we present the finding of a bilateral bifid MC by CBCT examination; we describe its location and morphological characteristics. The variation found was a type 1 bilateral bifid MC, which consists in an accessory canal originating from a single mandibular foramen and extending to the third molar or its immediate surroundings. In this report we discuss the importance of detecting these anatomical variations, as well as their implications in clinical practice. (Folia Morphol 2018; 77, 4: 780–784)